RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal IndustriesRUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries2312-797X2312-7988Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba1970410.22363/2312-797X-2021-16-4-370-388Research ArticleModified materials based on layered minerals as ameliorants for the remediation of podzol in the industrial barrenIvanovaTatiana K.<p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Nature-Inspired Technologies and Environmental Safety of the Arctic region</p>tk.ivanova@ksc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8103-2279SlukovskayaMarina V.<p>Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Nature-Inspired Technologies and Environmental Safety of the Arctic region; Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems</p>m.slukovskaya@ksc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5406-5569MosendzIrina A.<p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Nature-Inspired Technologies and Environmental Safety of the Arctic region</p>ia.mosendz@ksc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3129-7305KrasavtsevaEvgeniya A.<p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Nature-Inspired Technologies and Environmental Safety of the Arctic region</p>e.krasavtseva@ksc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8821-4446MaksimovaVictoria V.<p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Nature-Inspired Technologies and Environmental Safety of the Arctic region</p>v.maksimova@ksc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-5187KanareykinaInna P.<p>Junior Researcher, Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems</p>innesochkaaa@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1930-5050ShirokayaAnna A.<p>engineer, Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials</p>a.shirokaia@ksc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1325-2499KremenetskayaIrina P.<p>Senior Researcher, Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials</p>i.kremenetskaia@ksc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3531-8273Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of SciencesRUDN University3012202116437038830122021Copyright © 2021, Ivanova T.K., Slukovskaya M.V., Mosendz I.A., Krasavtseva E.A., Maksimova V.V., Kanareykina I.P., Shirokaya A.A., Kremenetskaya I.P.2021<p style="text-align: justify;">Layered silicates, such as serpentine and vermiculite, have properties that make it possible to use materials based on them as components of environmental technologies. The possibility of soil remediation in industrially contaminated area, formed due to the long-term exposure to emissions from copper-nickel production (Monchegorsk, Murmansk region), was studied. Two materials were used as ameliorants in our study: expanded vermiculite and granular serpentine sorbent, a waste after using the purification technology of highly concentrated solutions from metals. These materials have a high sorption activity to several metals, a high specific surface area, the ability to retain moisture, and are available in quantities sufficient to work on the remediation of large areas. A study of the physicochemical properties of industrially polluted soil and ameliorants, direct phytotoxicity testing of podzol and its mixtures with expanded vermiculite and the serpentine sorbent (test plants - common oat Avna satva L. and red clover Trifolium pratnse L.) were carried out. The study results showed that the proposed materials were effective additives for increasing the pH of acidic soil, sorption and precipitation of Al and potentially toxic metals - Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe, and improving the soil hydrophysical and agrochemical characteristics. A positive response of test plants to the introduction of ameliorants into industrially contaminated soil was noted.</p>expanded vermiculiteserpentinepotentially toxic metalssorptionwater retention curvephytotoxicity testтермовермикулитсерпентинпотенциально токсичные металлысорбцияосновная гидрофизическая характеристикафитотестирование<center>
<div class="preview fancybox" style="text-align: center;"><a title="Рис. 1. Внешний вид объектов исследования: а общий вид; б отработанный серпентиновый сорбент; в термовермикулит (фр. 0,452,00 мм); г подзол (фр. 2,0 мм)" href="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22037-1-SP.PNG" rel="simplebox"><img style="max-height: 600px; max-width: 600px;" src="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22037-1-SP.PNG" /></a></div>
</center>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig. 1. Appearance of the research objects: а general view; б waste serpentine sorbent; в expanded vermiculite (fr. 0.452.00 mm); г podzol (fr. 2.0 mm)</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Table 1. </em>Composition of soil mixtures, weight,%</p>
<table width="462">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>Soil mixture</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>S: M*(V:P)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>S</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>V</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>P</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VP-1</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>(1:1)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p><strong></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>50</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>50</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VP-2</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>(1:2)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p><strong></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p><strong>33</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p><strong>67</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VP-3</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>(1:4)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p><strong></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>25</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p><strong>75</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VSP-1</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>1:3(1:1)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>25</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>37.5</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>37.5</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VSP-2</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>1:3(1:2)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>25</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>25</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>50</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VSP-3</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>1:3(1:4)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>25</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>15</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>60</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VSP-4</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>1:4(1:1)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>20</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>40</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>40</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VSP-5</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>1:4(1:2)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>20</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>26</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p><strong>54</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VSP-6</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>1:4(1:4)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>20</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>16</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p><strong>64</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VSP-7</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>1:5(1:1)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>16</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>42</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>42</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VSP-8</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>1:5(1:2)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>16</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>28</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p><strong>56</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="113">
<p>VSP-9</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="109">
<p>1:5(1:4)</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>16</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>16.8</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="80">
<p>67.2</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: justify;">*M V and P mixtures.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<center>
<div class="preview fancybox" style="text-align: center;"><a title="Рис. 2. Гранулометрический состав подзола" href="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22038-1-SP.PNG" rel="simplebox"><img style="max-height: 600px; max-width: 600px;" src="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22038-1-SP.PNG" /></a></div>
</center>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig. 2. Granulometric composition of podzol</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<center>
<div class="preview fancybox" style="text-align: center;"><a title="Рис. 3. Фракционный состав микро- и макрокомпонентов в техногенно загрязненном подзоле" href="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22039-1-SP.PNG" rel="simplebox"><img style="max-height: 600px; max-width: 600px;" src="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22039-1-SP.PNG" /></a></div>
</center>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig. 3. Fractional composition of micro- and macrocomponents in industrially polluted podzol</strong></p>
<p>Table 2. Change in the pH value of soil mixtures depending on the amount of added expanded vermiculite and waste sorbent</p>
<table width="661">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2" width="171">
<p>Duration of interaction</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="3" width="123">
<p>VP</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="9" width="368">
<p>VSP</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>1</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>2</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>3</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>1</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>2</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>3</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>4</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>5</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>7</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>9</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="171">
<p>1 hour</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>5.47</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>5.13</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>4.71</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>7.29</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>7.04</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6.78</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6.86</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6.74</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6.56</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6.32</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6.26</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6.00</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="171">
<p>1 day</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6.62</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>5.99</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>5.51</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.53</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.49</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.45</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.19</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.33</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.26</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>7.71</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>7.27</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>7.34</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="171">
<p>3 days</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>7.2</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6.94</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>5.73</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.68</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.52</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.77</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.52</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.37</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>7.99</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.46</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.06</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.04</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="171">
<p>7 days</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>7.27</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>6.94</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>5.54</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.83</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.78</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.65</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.77</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.6</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.37</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.43</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.38</p>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;" width="41">
<p>8.07</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<center>
<div class="preview fancybox" style="text-align: center;"></div>
<div class="preview fancybox" style="text-align: center;"><a title="Рис. 4. Концентрация питательных (а) и потенциально токсичных (б) элементов в водных растворах выщелачивания смесей подзола с термовермикулитом" href="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22040-1-SP.PNG" rel="simplebox"><img style="max-height: 600px; max-width: 600px;" src="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22040-1-SP.PNG" /></a></div>
</center>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig. 4. Concentration of nutrient (a) and potentially toxic (б) elements in aqueous solutions of leaching of podzol and expanded vermiculite mixtures:V: P 1:1; V: P 1:2; V: P 1:4; P</strong></p>
<center>
<div class="preview fancybox" style="text-align: center;"><a title="Рис. 5. Концентрации питательных (а) и потенциально токсичных (б) элементов в водных растворах выщелачивания смесей подзола P с термовермикулитом V и отработанным серпентиновым сорбентом" href="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22041-1-SP.PNG" rel="simplebox"><img style="max-height: 600px; max-width: 600px;" src="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22041-1-SP.PNG" /></a></div>
</center>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig. 5. Concentrations of nutrient (<em>a</em>) and potentially toxic (<em>б</em>) elements in aqueous leaching solutions of podzol P and expanded vermiculite V mixtures and waste serpentine sorbent S: V: P 1:1; V: P 1:2; V: P 1:3; S:(V: P) 1:3; S:(V: P) 1:4; S:(V: P) 1:5</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<center>
<div class="preview fancybox" style="text-align: center;"><a title="Рис. 6. Кривые основной гидрофизической характеристики подзола P, термовермикулита V и почвосмесей на их основе с добавлением отработанного серпентинового сорбента VSP‑1 1:3(1:1), VSP‑2 1:3(1:2), VSP‑4 1:4(1:1) VSP‑9 1:5(1:4)" href="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22042-1-SP.PNG" rel="simplebox"><img style="max-height: 600px; max-width: 600px;" src="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22042-1-SP.PNG" /></a></div>
</center>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig. 6. Water retention curves of podzol P, expanded vermiculite V and soil mixtures based on them with the addition of waste serpentine sorbent VSP-1 1:3(1:1), VSP-2 1:3(1:2), VSP-4 1:4(1:1) VSP-9 1:5(1:4)</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<center>
<div class="preview fancybox" style="text-align: center;"><a title="Рис. 7. Морфометрические показатели тест-культур через 21 день после начала эксперимента: длина ростков (а, б) и биомасса (в, г) A. sativa (а, в) и T. pratense (б, г)" href="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22043-1-SP.PNG" rel="simplebox"><img style="max-height: 600px; max-width: 600px;" src="/files/journals/1/articles/19704/supp/19704-22043-1-SP.PNG" /></a></div>
</center>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig. 7. Morphometric parameters of test crops 21 days after the start of the experiment: plant length (<em>а</em><em>, </em><em>б</em>) and biomass (<em>в</em><em>, </em><em>г</em>) of <em>A. sativa</em> (<em>a, c</em>) and <em>T. pratense</em> (<em>б</em><em>, </em><em>г</em>)</strong></p>
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