<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Агрономия и животноводство</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-797X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-7988</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20356</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-797X-2026-21-2-234-248</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">JIHMQW</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetics and plant breeding</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Генетика и селекция растений</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of differential expression of glycinin and β-conglycinin genes in Europeanand Canadian soybean varieties</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ дифференциальной экспрессии генов глицининов и β-конглицининов сортов сои европейской и канадской селекции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3104-1696</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8077-7588</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Katrushenko</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Катрушенко</surname><given-names>Анастасия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Biotechnology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии</p></bio><email>lsi@vniisoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7304-7771</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2512-8754</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivaniy</surname><given-names>Alena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иваний</surname><given-names>Алена Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Biotechnology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии</p></bio><email>iaa@vniisoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8578-9818</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1467-9500</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Penzin</surname><given-names>Andrei A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пензин</surname><given-names>Андрей Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Leading Researcher, Head of the Biotechnology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией биотехнологии</p></bio><email>paa@vniisoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4445-3779</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5274-8503</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galichenko</surname><given-names>Anna P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галиченко</surname><given-names>Анна P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher, Breeding Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник лаборатории селекции</p></bio><email>gap@vniisoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-1049</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2729-2815</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timkin</surname><given-names>Pavel D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимкин</surname><given-names>Павел Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Biotechnology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии</p></bio><email>tpd@vniisoi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute of Soybean</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт сои</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 21, NO1 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 21, №1 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>234</fpage><lpage>248</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-31"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Katrushenko A.A., Ivaniy A.A., Penzin A.A., Galichenko A.P., Timkin P.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Катрушенко А.А., Иваний А.А., Пензин А.А., Галиченко А.P., Тимкин П.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Katrushenko A.A., Ivaniy A.A., Penzin A.A., Galichenko A.P., Timkin P.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Катрушенко А.А., Иваний А.А., Пензин А.А., Галиченко А.P., Тимкин П.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://agrojournal.rudn.ru/agronomy/article/view/20356">https://agrojournal.rudn.ru/agronomy/article/view/20356</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a major source of high-quality protein for food and feed. The seed storage proteins, glycinin (11S) and β-conglycinin (7S), differ in amino acid composition and functional properties, and their ratio is a key determinant of soybean quality. This study aimed to analyze the differential expression of glycinin and β-conglycinin genes in European and Canadian soybean varieties to assess their storage protein profiles. Six European and Canadian soybean varieties (ESG 1813, RTZh Spida, Me 5, Mu 5 - France; N.S. Katya - Serbia; Сassidy - Canada) were grown in 2023-2024 at All-Russian Research Institute of Soybean, Amur region. Total RNA was isolated from mature seeds, cDNA was synthesized, and expression levels of Gy1-Gy5, Gy7, Cg1, Cg3, and Cg4 genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The Tubulin gene was used as an internal reference. Relative expression was calculated using the 2<sup>-ΔΔCt</sup> method. All primers showed high specificity confirmed by single melting peaks. Gy7 gene expression was not detected in any variety, consistent with its loss or suppression during breeding. Most varieties displayed conserved expression profiles for Gy1, Gy2, and Gy3. Two varieties exhibited unique expression patterns: Cassidy (Canada) showed significantly increased Gy4 expression, and Mu 5 (France) showed significantly increased Gy5 expression (p &lt; 0.05). RTZh Spida (France) demonstrated significantly elevated Cg3 expression. Based on total glycinin/β-conglycinin transcript ratios, varieties were clearly divided into high-glycinin (Mu 5 - 86%, Cassidy - 82%, Me 5 - 64%) and high-β-conglycinin (N.S. Katya - 67%, RTZh Spida - 63%, ESG 1813 - 53%) groups. The observed 11S/7S ratio range (0.5-6.1) substantially exceeded previously reported values for American and Brazilian cultivars. The identified donor varieties (Cassidy - high Gy4 expression, Mu 5 - high Gy5 expression, RTZh Spida - high Cg3 expression) represent valuable genetic resources for Russian breeding programs. They can be used to introgress regulatory alleles for targeted manipulation of storage protein composition, enabling the development of new soybean cultivars with optimized protein quality and technological properties adapted to agroclimatic conditions of the Russian Federation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Соя (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) является одним из основных источников высококачественного белка для пищевых и кормовых целей. Запасные белки семян - глицинин (11S) и β-конглицинин (7S) - различаются по аминокислотному составу и функциональным свойствам, а их соотношение выступает ключевым фактором качества сои. Цель исследования - оценить белковый профиль сортов сои европейской и канадской селекции на основе анализа дифференциальной экспрессии генов глицининов и β-конглицининов. Шесть сортов сои (ЕСГ 1813, РТЖ Спида, Ме 5, Мю 5 - Франция; Н.С. Катя - Сербия; Кассиди - Канада) выращивали в 2023-2024 гг. на базе ФГБНУ ФНЦ ВНИИ сои (Амурская область). Из зрелых семян выделяли тотальную РНК, синтезировали кДНК и анализировали уровень экспрессии генов Gy1-Gy5, Gy7, Cg1, Cg3 и Cg4 методом количественной ПЦР в реальном времени. В качестве референтного гена использовали Tubulin. Относительную экспрессию рассчитывали методом 2<sup>-ΔΔCt</sup>. Все праймеры показали высокую специфичность, подтвержденную единичными пиками плавления. Экспрессия гена Gy7 не обнаружена ни у одного из сортов, что согласуется с его утратой или супрессией в процессе селекции. Большинство сортов характеризовались консервативными профилями экспрессии генов Gy1, Gy2 и Gy3. У двух сортов выявлены уникальные паттерны экспрессии: Кассиди (Канада) - достоверно повышенная экспрессия гена Gy4, Мю 5 (Франция) - достоверно повышенная экспрессия гена Gy5 (p &lt; 0,05). Сорт РТЖ Спида (Франция) продемонстрировал достоверно повышенную экспрессию гена Cg3. По суммарному соотношению транскриптов глицининов и β-конглицининов сорта четко разделились на высокоглицининовые (Мю 5 - 86 %, Кассиди - 82 %, Ме 5 - 64 %) и высоко-β-конглицининовые (Н.С. Катя - 67 %, РТЖ Спида - 63 %, ЕСГ 1813 - 53 %). Выявленный диапазон соотношения 11S/7S (0,5…6,1) существенно превышает ранее опубликованные данные для американских и бразильских сортов. Идентифицированные сорта-доноры (Кассиди - высокая экспрессия Gy4, Мю 5 - высокая экспрессия Gy5, РТЖ Спида - высокая экспрессия Cg3) представляют собой ценный генетический материал для российских селекционных программ. Они могут быть использованы для интрогрессии регуляторных аллелей, обеспечивающих направленное изменение состава запасных белков, что позволит создавать новые сорта сои с оптимизированным качеством белка и улучшенными технологическими свойствами, адаптированные к агроклиматическим условиям Российской Федерации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Glycine max</kwd><kwd>qPCR</kwd><kwd>seed storage proteins</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd><kwd>Gy (1-5)</kwd><kwd>Gy7 genes</kwd><kwd>Cg1</kwd><kwd>Cg3</kwd><kwd>Cg4 genes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Glycine max</kwd><kwd>кПЦР</kwd><kwd>запасные белки семян</kwd><kwd>гены Gy (1-5)</kwd><kwd>Gy7</kwd><kwd>гены Cg1</kwd><kwd>Cg3</kwd><kwd>Cg4</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках темы научно-исследовательской работы № 082–2025–0001</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The study was conducted within the framework of research project no. 082–2025–0001</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Duan Z, Li Q, Wang H, He X, Zhang M. Genetic regulatory networks of soybean seed size, oil, and protein content. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2023;14:1160418. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1160418</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Liu S, Liu Z, Hou X, Li X. Genetic mapping and functional genomics of soybean seed protein. Molecular Breeding. 2023;43(4):29. doi: 10.1007/s11032-023-01373-5 EDN: JNNPZF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Liu S, Zhang M, Feng F, Tian Z. Toward a “green revolution” for soybean. Molecular Plant. 2020;13(5):688-697. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.03.002 EDN: QYFLTY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Cabanos C, Matsuoka Y, Maruyama N. Soybean proteins/peptides: a review on their importance, biosynthesis, vacuolar sorting, and accumulation in seeds. Peptides. 2021;143:170598. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170598 EDN: LYDRAD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Kim W, Nott J, Kim S, Krishnan HB. Soybean seed proteomics: Methods for the isolation, detection, and identification of low abundance proteins. In: Jez J. (ed.) Methods in Enzymology. Volume 676. Academic Press; 2022. p.325-345. doi: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Wijewardana C, Reddy KR, Bellaloui N. Soybean seed physiology, quality, and chemical composition under soil moisture stress. Food Chemistry. 2019;278:92-100. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Hu Y, Liu Y, Wei JJ, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Regulation of seed traits in soybean. aBIOTECH. 2023;4(4):372-385. doi: 10.1007/s42994-023-00122-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang S, Du H, Ma Y, Li H, Kan G, Yu D. Linkage and association study discovered loci and candidate genes for glycinin and β-conglycinin in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2021;134(4):1201-1215. doi: 10.1007/s00122-021-03766-6 EDN: XKUIJX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Guo B, Sun L, Jiang S, Ren H, Sun R, Wei Z, et al. Soybean genetic resources contributing to sustainable protein production. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2022;135(11):4095-4121. doi: 10.1007/s00122-022-04222-9 EDN: FZJUTT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Song B, An L, Han Y, Gao H, Ren H, Zhao X, et al. Transcriptome profile of near-isogenic soybean lines for β-conglycinin α-subunit deficiency during seed maturation. PLoS One. 2016;11(8): e0159723. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159723</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Lee S, Van K, Sung M, Nelson R, LaMantia J, McHale LK, et al. Genome-wide association study of seed protein, oil and amino acid contents in soybean from maturity groups I to IV. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2019;132(6):1639-1659. doi: 10.1007/s00122-019-03304-5 EDN: OTMCPE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Diamond JS. Explanatory chapter: quantitative PCR. In: Methods in Enzymology. Volume 529. Academic Press; 2013. p.279-289. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-418687-3.00023-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Assfaw AT, Bunmi O, Paterne A, Chigeza G, Mushoriwa H. Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] genotypes based on agro-morphological traits and SNP markers. PLoS One. 2025;20(10):e0332895. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0332895 EDN: OSNCCJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Libault M, Thibivilliers S, Bilgin DD, Radwan O, Benitez M, Clough SJ, et al. Identification of four soybean reference genes for gene expression normalization. Plant Genome. 2008;1(1):44-54. doi: 10.3835/plantgenome2008.02.0091</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Rao X, Huang X, Zhou Z, Lin X. An improvement of the 2ˆ(-delta delta CT) method for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data analysis. Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics. 2013;3(3):71-85.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Li C, Zhang YM. Molecular evolution of glycinin and β-conglycinin gene families in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Heredity. 2011;106(4):633-641. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2010.97</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Beilinson V, Chen Z, Shoemaker R, Fischer R, Goldberg R, Nielsen N. Genomic organization of glycinin genes in soybean. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2002;104:1132-1140. doi: 10.1007/s00122-002-0884-6 EDN: BDTIRL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Kim WS, Gillman JD, Krishnan HB. Identification of a plant introduction soybean line with genetic lesions affecting two distinct glycinin subunits and evaluation of impacts on protein content and composition. Molecular Breeding. 2013;32(2):291-298. doi: 10.1007/s11032-013-9870-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Hou Y, Huang L, Xing G, Yuan X, Zhang X, Dai D, et al. Structure and functional properties of proteins from different soybean varieties as affected by the 11S/7S globulin ratio. Foods. 2025;14(5):755. doi: 10.3390/foods14050755 EDN: IHRJWH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Galão OF, Teixeira AI, Moreira MA, Carrão-Panizzi MC, Visentainer JV. Variation in genetic and environmental effects of beta-conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) protein fractions in conventional and GM soybean cultivars grown in Southern Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias. 2013;34(2):683-692.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Lakhssassi N, El Baze A, Knizia D, Salhi Y, Embaby MG, Anil E, et al. A sucrose-binding protein and β-conglycinins regulate soybean seed protein content and control multiple seed traits. Plant Physiology. 2024;196(2):1298-1321. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiae307 EDN: FHSBTJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Yang Z, Li D, Chen L, Zhang W, Jiang L, Huang Z, et al. Structural characteristics, techno-functionalities, innovation applications and future prospects of soybean β-conglycinin/glycinin: a comprehensive review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2025;65(29):6410-6427. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2440601</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Yang Y, Zhang L, Zuo H, Yang Y, Hu D, Zhang S, et al. GmGASA12 coordinates hormonal dynamics to enhance soybean water-soluble protein accumulation and seed size. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 2025;67(9):2401-2415. doi: 10.1111/jipb.13952 EDN: CKJKRX</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
