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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Агрономия и животноводство</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-797X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-7988</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20364</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-797X-2026-21-2-345-355</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">JTZCHV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Veterinary science</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Ветеринария</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic variability and antigenic diversity of canine parvovirusas the cause of canine parvoviral enteritis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изменчивость и многообразие генетических вариантов парвовируса - причина парвовирусного энтерита у собак</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3023-6976</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4867-7430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Laptev</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаптев</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biology Science, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Epizootology and Organization of Veterinary Affairs</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры эпизоотологии и организации ветеринарного дела</p></bio><email>x9131078824@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1372-2660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Selina</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Селина</surname><given-names>Марина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Pedagogy Science, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Digitalization in the Agro-Industrial Complex</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры экономики и цифровизации в АПК</p></bio><email>project@mgavm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MVA named after K.I. Skryabin</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины и биотехнологии им. К.И. Скрябина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 21, NO1 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 21, №1 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>345</fpage><lpage>355</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-31"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Laptev S.V., Selina M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Лаптев С.В., Селина М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Laptev S.V., Selina M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лаптев С.В., Селина М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://agrojournal.rudn.ru/agronomy/article/view/20364">https://agrojournal.rudn.ru/agronomy/article/view/20364</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The present review provides a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature concerning the genetic variability of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). This mutational variability increases the incidence of parvoviral enteritis among dogs and poses an exceptional threat to unvaccinated puppies, requiring the close attention of the veterinary community and the development of effective preventive measures. Haemorrhagic diarrheal is more likely to affect purebred puppies under the age of six weeks. Viral aetiologies of canine diarrheal are carnivorous distemper, coronavirus infection, parvovirus enteritis and other viral diseases. Parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), which emerged in the 1970s, is particularly dangerous, causing severe gastroenteritis and, occasionally, myocarditis. The CPV-2 virus has several genetic variants, including CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c. CPV-2 was initially recognized in China, and the CPV-2c variant was first detected in Vietnam, then it spread worldwide. Within the Russian Federation, parvoviral enteritis constitutes a considerable proportion - up to 37% - of all infectious diseases diagnosed in dogs, particularly affecting individuals under six months of age. CPV-2 exhibits a remarkably high mutation rate, warranting ongoing molecular monitoring to evaluate and preserve the protective efficacy of currently available vaccines. he substantial genomic flexibility of CPV-2 facilitates immune evasion, which explains the insufficient effectiveness of existing vaccines. The optimal vaccination schedule provides for a triple injection of the vaccine, starting at the age of 4 weeks. Notably, the post-vaccinal humoral response is influenced by factors such as age, body weight, and the titres of maternally derived antibodies. Complications after vaccination are extremely rare. Vaccines developed based on the CPV-2 virus provide reliable protection against various strains of parvovirus.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Авторами проведен углубленный анализ научной литературы, посвященной изменчивости вируса CPV-2. Эта мутационная изменчивость обусловливает рост заболеваемости парвовирусным энтеритом среди собак и представляет исключительную опасность для невакцинированных щенков, требуя пристального внимания ветеринарного сообщества и разработки эффективных профилактических мер. Кровавая диарея чаще поражает щенков чистокровных пород в возрасте до шести недель. В числе вирусных причин диареи у собак выделяются чума плотоядных, коронавирусная инфекция, парвовирусный энтерит и другие вирусные заболевания. Особую опасность представляет парвовирус типа 2 (CPV-2), возникший в 1970-х гг., вызывающий тяжелый гастроэнтерит и, в ряде случаев, миокардит. Вирус CPV-2 имеет несколько генетических вариантов, включая CPV-2a, CPV-2b и CPV-2c. Изначально CPV-2 был выявлен на территории Китая, а вариант CPV-2c впервые обнаружен во Вьетнаме, после чего получил широкое распространение по всему миру. В Российской Федерации парвовирусный энтерит составляет значительную долю - до 37 % - от всех инфекционных заболеваний, регистрируемых у собак, особенно у щенков в возрасте до шести месяцев. CPV-2 характеризуется высокой скоростью мутаций, что требует постоянного мониторинга его генетической изменчивости для оценки и поддержания эффективности применяемых вакцин. Высокая изменчивость вирусных геномов позволяет им ускользать от иммунного ответа, что объясняет не всегда достаточную эффективность существующих вакцин. Оптимальная схема вакцинации предусматривает трехкратное введение вакцины, начиная с возраста 4 недель. Следует учитывать, что иммунный ответ на вакцинацию может варьироваться в зависимости от возраста животного, массы тела и уровня материнских антител. Осложнения после вакцинации наблюдаются крайне редко. Вакцины, разработанные на основе вируса CPV-2, обеспечивают надежную защиту от различных штаммов парвовируса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diarrhoea</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>genetic variability</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>virus</kwd><kwd>puppies</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диарея</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>генетическая изменчивость</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>вирус</kwd><kwd>щенки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Qi S, Zhao J, Guo D, Sun D. A mini-review on the epidemiology of canine parvovirus in China. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:5. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00005 EDN: VBOUWF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Cotmore SF, Agbandje-McKenna M, Canuti M, Chiorini JA, Eis-Hübinger AM, Hughes J, Mietzsch M, Modha S, Ogliastro M, Pénzes JJ, et al. 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