Soybean varietal response to irrigation and fertilization in the Lower Volga region

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Abstract

The research was conducted to study the responsiveness of soybean cultivars with different maturation periods to irrigation water and fertilizer and to select cultivars that provide high yields while saving water and agrochemical resources. The method of laying the field experiment was applied (B.A. Dospekhov, 1979). We used different cultivars of RRIIA breeding and doses of fertilizers designed to obtain a yield of 2.5 to 4.5 t/ha of grain. The plot area was 35 m2. The factorial experiment was conducted with four replications. An irrigation regime of 80 % FMC was achieved by watering 0.4 m layer of soil until budding phase and during ripening period — full ripeness. During the generative periods of development of agrophytocenosis (budding — filling of seeds in beans), the moisture inflow into the soil was increased to a depth of 0.6 m. The share of irrigation water increased significantly in years with hydrothermal coefficient GTC02 (2020) — up to 76.5 % — compared to more favorable years with GTC05 (2019). Early maturing cultivars were characterized by the lowest consumption of irrigation water per season: VNIIOZ 86 (3138…4014 m3/ha) and Volgogradka 2 (3653…4381 m3/ha), compared to mid-season cultivars VNIIOZ 31 and Volgogradka 3 (4078…5027 m3/ha). Cv. Volgogradka 2 had the greatest responsiveness to irrigation water — 3.57 t/ha and the lowest water consumption coefficient — 1136 m3/t of grain compared to other cultivars with indicators of 2.81…3.74 t/ha; 1235…1297 m3/t, respectively. For the first time, under irrigation in the Lower Volga region, the technology for obtaining high levels of grain yield of 2.97…4.27 t/ha was improved through the use of genotype of cultivar of regional breeding (Volgogradka 2, Volgogradka 3) and improved mineral nutrition of plants based on a programmed yield (2.5…4.5 t/ha).

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Table 1. Structure of total water consumption of soybean crops in contrasting years in terms of moisture supply

Cultivar

Year

Hydrothermal coefficient (HTC)

Water balance indicators

Total water consumption, m³/ha

Watering

Precipitation

Moisture in soil

m³/ha

%

m³/ha

%

m³/ha

%

Early maturing cultivars

VNIIOZ 86

2019

0.5

1549

49.4

1170

37.3

418

13.3

3138

2020

0.2

2950

73.5

636

15.8

428

10.7

4014

Volgogradka 2

2019

0.5

2000

54.7

1271

34.8

383

10.5

3653

2020

0.2

3250

74.2

687

15.7

444

10.1

4381

Mid-season cultivars

VNIIOZ 31

2019

0.5

2249

55.1

1451

35.6

377

9.2

4078

2020

0.2

3550

75.2

700

14.8

468

10

4718

Volgogradka 3

2019

0.5

2500

54

1733

37.4

398

8.6

4631

2020

0.2

3849

76.5

700

13.9

477

9.5

5027

 

Table 2. Productivity of soybean plants depending on cultivar and cultivation year under irrigation

Cultivar

Productivity, t/ha

Water consumption coefficient, m3/t

2019

2020

Average

2019

2020

Average

Early maturing cultivars

VNIIOZ 86

2.92

2.69

2.81

1074

1492

1283

Volgogradka 2

3.74

3.39

3.57

977

1292

1136

Mid-season cultivars

VNIIOZ 31

3.89

3.32

3.61

1048

1421

1235

Volgogradka 3

3.92

3.56

3.74

1181

1412

1297

LSD05

0.23

0.21

 

 

Table 3. Effect of fertilizer doses on photosynthesis indicators of soybean cultivars under irrigation

Cultivar

Variant

Indicators

Programmed yield, t/ha

NPK,
kg/ha

Maximum leaf surface area, thousand
m2/ha

Photosynthetic potential, million m2×days/ha

Net productivity of photosynthesis, g/m2

Dry biomass increments, t/ha

Share of grain in total biomass, %

VNIIOZ 86

—

Control

54.8

2

11.3

17

14.7

2.5

56

62.9

2.1

6.1

14.1

21.9

3.5

90

56.8

2.3

6.5

14.4

21.8

4.5

112

64.3

2.5

6

16.4

22.9

Volgogradka 2

—

Control

62.9

2.5

5.3

15.3

16.6

2.5

56

61.5

2.4

5.4

16.6

19.6

3.5

90

72.6

2.7

5.7

17.1

21.6

4.5

112

70.8

2.9

6.3

19.3

21.9

VNIIOZ 31

—

Control

61.7

2.6

6.7

17.6

14.2

2.5

56

77.9

2.7

8.2

21.2

15.5

3.5

90

74.7

2.8

7.5

20.6

18.2

4.5

112

80.2

3.4

6.2

20.8

19.9

Volgogradka 3

—

Control

83.8

3.1

9

20.7

12

2.5

56

75.2

4.1

7.9

19.2

19.1

3.5

90

89.4

3

8

19.3

22.4

4.5

112

87.4

3.3

8.4

21.8

21

 

Table 4. Influence of fertilizer doses on formation of structural elements of productivity in soybean cultivars under irrigation, (average for 2019–2021)

Cultivar

Variant

Indicators

Programmed yield, t/ha

NPK,
kg/ha

Number of plants before harvesting, thousand plants/ha

Weight of grains per plant, g

Weight of 1000 grains, g

Grains per plant

Lower bean attachment height, m

VNIIOZ 86

—

Control

42.3

5.4

156.7

34.8

0.06

2.5

56

42.3

6.9

169.3

40.5

0.09

3.5

90

43.8

7.3

164.7

44.3

0.12

4.5

112

43.9

8.1

169.0

48.1

0.12

Volgogradka 2

—

Control

44.5

5.2

146.7

35.9

0.12

2.5

56

45.1

6.2

192.7

32.2

0.14

3.5

90

45.7

7.4

190.7

38.8

0.15

4.5

112

45.4

8.5

184.7

46.6

0.15

VNIIOZ 31

—

Control

45.2

5.3

150.2

34.6

0.13

2.5

56

46.0

7.0

179.4

39.0

0.14

3.5

90

45.7

7.8

193.0

40.4

0.15

4.5

112

45.9

8.4

186.6

45.0

0.16

Volgogradka 3

—

Control

46.1

5.2

108.0

49.4

0.13

2.5

56

45.5

7.6

129.3

58.7

0.15

3.5

90

46.4

8.2

137.3

59.1

0.17

4.5

112

44.7

9.7

134.0

73.5

0.18

 

Table 5. Effect of fertilizers on soybean yield under irrigation, (average for 2019–2021)

Cultivar

Variant

Productivity, t/ha

Deviation from control

Yield increase per 1 kg of fertilizer, kg

Programmed yield, t/ha

NPK, kg/ha

Absolute indicatoк, t/ha

%

Early maturing cultivars

VNIIOZ 86

—

Control

2.33

—

—

—

2.5

56

2.97

0.64

27.5

11.4

3.5

90

3.25

0.92

39.5

10.2

4.5

112

3.60

1.27

54.5

11.3

Volgogradka 2

—

Control

2.4

—

—

—

2.5

56

2.92

0.52

21.7

9.2

3.5

90

3.51

1.11

46.3

12.3

4.5

112

3.96

1.56

65.0

13.9

Mid-season cultivars

VNIIOZ 31

—

Control

2.49

—

—

—

2.5

56

3.26

0.77

30.9

13.7

3.5

90

3.64

1.15

46.2

12.7

4.5

112

4.05

1.56

62.7

13.9

Volgogradka 3

—

Control

2.48

—

—

—

2.5

56

3.52

1.04

41.9

18.5

3.5

90

3.89

1.41

56.9

15.6

4.5

112

4.27

1.79

72.2

15.9

Factor A

0.20

 

 

 

 

 

Factor В

0.23

 

 

 

 

 

Impact АВ

0.23

 

 

 

 

 

×

About the authors

Vladimir V. Tolokonnikov

Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture

Author for correspondence.
Email: tolokonnikov@vniioz.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5457-0947

Doctor of Agricultural Sciences

9 Timiryazeva st., Volgograd, 400002, Russian Federation

Lyubov V. Vronskaya

Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture

Email: vronskaya-l@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7753-9229

Junior researcher

9 Timiryazeva st., Volgograd, 400002, Russian Federation

Svetlana A. Agapova

Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture

Email: sveta-sxi@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5159-6578

Junior researcher

9 Timiryazeva st., Volgograd, 400002, Russian Federation

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Copyright (c) 2023 Tolokonnikov V.V., Vronskaya L.V., Agapova S.A.

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