The influence of distribution of beta-casein genotypes in two generations on milk productivity of Kholmogory cattle

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Abstract

The relevance of the study lies in the possibility of purposeful formation of a highly productive dairy herd of cattle with the most desirable gene combinations based on the identified patterns of genotype inheritance. The aim of the study was to determine patterns of inheritance of desired genotype in daughter offspring from various genotypes of their mothers and compare them with indicators of milk productivity. The study was conducted on two generations of cattle of Kholmogorsky breed (cows and their offspring) on the basis of ʺAgrofirma ‘Kholmogorskaya’ʺ and ʺKholmogorsky plemzavodʺ. Determination of beta-casein gene polymorphism in Kholmogorsky cows was carried out by Allele-­specific polymerase chain reaction method. There was a predominance of heterozygous beta-casein genotype in two generations, which was 58.5 and 60.0% in mother cows and 49.1 and 48.0% in daughter offspring. In both herds, the dominance of A1 allele was observed, which, accordingly, affects the inheritance of A1 allelic variants of genotypes, but A1A2 genotype was more common. In order to determine the most promising genotype for further breeding work, an assessment of milk productivity was carried out in terms of milk yield, fat and protein in milk for 305 days of the first lactation. Cows with A1A2 genotype were mainly characterized by higher milk yield. In the studied herds, the dominance of A1 allele and the predominance of cows with heterozygous A1A2 genotype were observed. On average, in farms for 305 days of the first lactation, cows carrying genotypes with A2 allele variant (A1A2 and A2A2) had the highest indicators for qualitative and quantitative composition of milk. Thus, in order to produce high-quality dairy products and effectively conduct breeding work on farms, it is necessary to increase the number of animals carrying A2A2 genotype.

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Таблица 1
Характеристика фрагментов ДНК аллельных вариантов CSN2

 Генотипы CSN2

 1 амплификат CSN2, п.н

 2 амплификат CSN2, п.н

 А1А1

 А1—244

 А2 — нет амплификата

 А1А2

 А1—244

 А2—244

 А2А2

 А1 — нет амплификата

 А2—244

Источник: выполнено Н.А. Худяковой, И.С. Кожевниковой, М.А. Кудриной.

Table 1
Characteristics of DNA fragments of CSN2 allelic variants

 CSN2 genotypes

 1 CSN2 amplification, bp

 2 CSN2 amplification, bp

 А1А1

 А1—244

 А2 — no amplification

 А1А2

 А1—244

 А2—244

 А2А2

 А1 — no amplification

 А2—244

Source: compiled by N.A. Khudyakova, I.S. Kozhevnikova, M.A. Kudrina.

Table 2
Polymorphism of the beta-casein gene in Kholmogory cattle

 Animal generation

 Number of animals, n

 Distribution type

 Offspring

 Х2

 А1А1

 А1А2

 А2А2

 Allele frequency

 n

 %

 n

 %

 n

 %

 А1

 А2

 Kholmogorskiy plemzavod

 mothers

 53

 Н

 14

 26.4

 31

 58.5

 8

 15.1

 0.56

0.44

1.81

 О

 16

 31.0

 26

 49.4

 11

 19.7

 daughters

 53

 Н

 17

 32.1

 26

 49.1

 10

 18.9

 0.57

 0.43

0.00

 О

 17

 32.0

 26

 49.2

 10

 18.8

 Agrofirma ʺKholmogorskayaʺ

 mothers

 50

 Н

14

 28.0

 30

 60.0

 6

 12.0

 0.58

 0.42

2.68

 О

17

 33.6

 24

 48.7

 9

 17.6

 daughters

 50

 Н

 20

 40.0

 24

 48.0

 6

 12.0

 0.64

 0.36

0.09

 О

 21

 41.0

 23

 46.1

 6

 13.0

Note. Н — observed distribution of genotypes; O — expected distribution of genotypes.
Source: compiled by N.A. Khudyakova, I.S. Kozhevnikova, M.A. Kudrina.

Frequency distribution of beta-casein genotypes in the studied herd, %
Source: compiled by N.A. Khudyakova, I.S. Kozhevnikova, M.A. Kudrina.

Table
3Distribution of allele and genotype frequencies for beta-casein in offspring

 Mothers’ genotype

 Number of mothers n

 Distribution type

 Offspring

 Х2

 А1А1

 А1А2

 А2А2

 Allele frequency

 n

 %

 n

 %

 n

 %

 А1

 А2

 Kholmogorskiy plemzavod

 А1А1

 14

 Н

 8

 57.1

 6

 42.9

 0

 0

 0.79

 0.21

 1.04

 О

 9

 61.7

 5

 33.7

 0

 4.6

 А1А2

 31

 Н

 9

 29.0

 15

 48.4

 7

 22.6

 0.53

 0.47

 0.02

 О

 9

 28.3

 15

 49.8

 7

 21.9

 А2А2

 8

 Н

 0

 0

 5

 62.5

 3

 37.5

 0.31

 0.69

 5.18

 О

 0

 9.8

 3

 43.0

 4

 47.3

 Agrofirma ʺKholmogorskayaʺ

 А1А1

 14

 Н

 9

 64.3

 5

 35.7

 0

 0

 0.82

 0.18

 0.66

 О

 10

 67.5

 4

 29.3

 0

 3.2

 А1А2

 30

 Н

 11

 36.7

 14

 46.7

 5

 16.7

 0.60

 0.40

 0.02

 О

 11

 36.0

 14

 48.0

 5

 16.0

 А2А2

 6

 Н

 0

 0

 5

 83.3

 1

 16.7

 0.42

 0.58

 3.84

 О

 0

 17.4

 3

 48.6

 2

 34.0

Note. Н — observed distribution of genotypes; O — expected distribution of genotypes.
Source: compiled by N.A. Khudyakova, I.S. Kozhevnikova, M.A. Kudrina.

Table 4
Milk productivity of cows for 305 days of the first lactation with the distribution of genotypes by beta-casein

 Genotype

 Mothers

 Daughters

 Total

 Number

of animals n

 Milk yield, kg

 Number

of animals n

 Milk yield, kg

 Number

of animals n

 Milk yield, kg

 Kholmogorskiy plemzavod

 А1А1

 5

 5660 ± 440

 5

 5743 ± 653

 10

 5701 ± 394

 А1А2

 16

 6065 ± 136

 17

 5639 ± 186

 33

 5846 ± 122

 А2А2

 5

 6094 ± 138

 4

 5365 ± 312

 9

 5770 ± 199

 Total

 26

 5993 ± 126

 26

 5617 ± 183

 52

 5805 ± 114

 Agrofirma ʺKholmogorskayaʺ

 А1А1

 11

 4705 ± 151

 18

 5172 ± 212

 29

 4995 ± 150

 А1А2

 26

 4746 ± 120

 17

 5386 ± 274

 43

 4999 ± 139

 А2А2

 3

 4950 ± 65

 5

 4843 ± 339

 8

 4883 ± 214

 Total

 40

 4750 ± 89

 40

 5222 ± 159

 80

 4986 ± 95

Source: compiled by N.A. Khudyakova, I.S. Kozhevnikova, M.A. Kudrina.

Table 5
Characteristics of milk production for 305 days of the first lactation with the distribution of genotypes for beta-casein in the offspring

 Mother’s genotype

 Daughter’s genotype

 Number of daughters n

Index

 Milk yield for 305 days, 1 liter, kg

 Fat, %

 Protein, %

 Amount of fat, kg

 Amount of protein, kg

 Kholmogorskiy plemzavod

 А1А1

 А1А1

 1

 M

 5423

 3.56

 3.03

 193

 164

 m

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 А1А2

 4

 M

 5884

 3.46

 2.96

 204

 174

 m

 404

 0.18

 0.11

 6

 5

 А1А2

 А1А1

 4

 M

 5823

 3.78

 3.20

 220

 186

 m

 811

 0.21

 0.06

 27

 25

 А1А2

 10

 M

 5692

 3.61*

 3.14

 206*

 179

 m

 247

 0.11

 0.05

 9

 7

 А2А2

 2

 M

 5596

 4.19*

 3.34

 234*

 187

 m

 239

 0.16

 0.10

 1

 2

 А2А2

 А1А2

 3

 M

 5136

 3.87

 3.26

 199

 167

 m

 160

 0.08

 0.04

 8

 4

 А2А2

 2

 M

 5135

 3.61

 3.28

 185

 168

 m

 528

 0.15

 0.03

 27

 19

 Agrofirma ʺKholmogorskayaʺ

 А1А1

 А1А1

 8

 M

 4867

 3.67

 2.99

 179

 145

 m

 318

 0.06

 0.06

 11

 8

 А1А2

 3

 M

 4953

 3.67

 3.06

 182

 151

 m

 387

 0.10

 0.11

 9

 10

 А1А2

 А1А1

 10

 M

 5416

 3.61

 3.09

 195

 168

 m

 261

 0.07

 0.04

 11

 7

 А1А2

 11

 M

 5010

 3.74

 3.16

 187

 158

 m

 191

 0.10

 0.06

 8

 6

 А2А2

 5

 M

 4843

 3.63

 3.04

 176

 147

 m

 339

 0.11

 0.09

 13

 10

 А2А2

 А1А2

 3

 M

 7197

 3.45

 3.02

 248

 217

 m

 660

 0.07

 0.07

 20

 18

Note: the difference is reliable *p ≤ 0.05.
Source: compiled by N.A. Khudyakova, I.S. Kozhevnikova, M.A. Kudrina.

×

About the authors

Natalya A. Khudyakova

N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: nata070707hudyakova@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1302-2965
SPIN-code: 3906-2286

Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Researcher, Laboratory of Innovative Technologies in the Agro-Industrial Complex

10 Lugovoy vill., Arkhangelsk, 163032, Russian Federation

Irina S. Kozhevnikova

N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov

Email: kogevnikovais@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7194-9465
SPIN-code: 2441-2363

Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Innovative Technologies in the Agro-Industrial Complex, N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Associate Professor, Department of Human Biology and Biotechnical Systems, Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov

10 Lugovoy vill., Arkhangelsk, 163032, Russian Federation; 17 Naberezhnaya Severnoy Dviny, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation

Marina A. Kudrina

N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: labinnovrazv@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8255-2989
SPIN-code: 4467-0807

Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Innovative Technologies in the Agro-Industrial Complex

10 Lugovoy vill., Arkhangelsk, 163032, Russian Federation

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Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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1. Frequency distribution of beta-casein genotypes in the studied herd, %
Source: compiled by N.A. Khudyakova, I.S. Kozhevnikova, M.A. Kudrina.

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