Genetic variability and antigenic diversity of canine parvovirusas the cause of canine parvoviral enteritis

The present review provides a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature concerning the genetic variability of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). This mutational variability increases the incidence of parvoviral enteritis among dogs and poses an exceptional threat to unvaccinated puppies, requiring the close attention of the veterinary community and the development of effective preventive measures. Haemorrhagic diarrheal is more likely to affect purebred puppies under the age of six weeks. Viral aetiologies of canine diarrheal are carnivorous distemper, coronavirus infection, parvovirus enteritis and other viral diseases. Parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), which emerged in the 1970s, is particularly dangerous, causing severe gastroenteritis and, occasionally, myocarditis. The CPV-2 virus has several genetic variants, including CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c. CPV-2 was initially recognized in China, and the CPV-2c variant was first detected in Vietnam, then it spread worldwide. Within the Russian Federation, parvoviral enteritis constitutes a considerable proportion - up to 37% - of all infectious diseases diagnosed in dogs, particularly affecting individuals under six months of age. CPV-2 exhibits a remarkably high mutation rate, warranting ongoing molecular monitoring to evaluate and preserve the protective efficacy of currently available vaccines. he substantial genomic flexibility of CPV-2 facilitates immune evasion, which explains the insufficient effectiveness of existing vaccines. The optimal vaccination schedule provides for a triple injection of the vaccine, starting at the age of 4 weeks. Notably, the post-vaccinal humoral response is influenced by factors such as age, body weight, and the titres of maternally derived antibodies. Complications after vaccination are extremely rare. Vaccines developed based on the CPV-2 virus provide reliable protection against various strains of parvovirus.