No 3 (2016)

From the time mineral fertilizers were used single superphosphate have been the main source of phosphate in plant nutrition. This fertilizer contains nor only 19-21% of P2O5 but also sulfate in form of gypsum and small amount of sulfuric acid. As a result, application of one kg of superphosphate enriched the soil with 80-100 g of sulfates. During last 40-50 years single superphosphate was replaced by concentrated mineral fertilizers which contain up to 42-52% of P2O5. And now on some soils the main source of sulfurbecome precipitations which bring sulfur oxides produced by chemical enterprises and exhaust fumes of machinery. As a consequence of this there are not rear cases when growing plants, and more often legumes, oil and root corps, show signs of sulfur deficit. Optimal levels of sulfur content in plant leaves well established. But there is obvious interest to get more objective data on physiological processes which are more sensitive to deficit of this plant nutrient and on preferable time of sulfur application. Influence of sulfate and other anions of potassium fertilizers on leaf pigment content and accumulation of dry matter by potato plants are presented and discussed in the article.

The article provides an overview of studies that focus on some perspectives of using the metabolites of the genus Trichoderma . These metabolites can be used in the creation of protection products in the fight against plant diseases viral or bacterial origin. In the article presents the work of Russian and foreign researchers. Special attention is given to research the products of metabolism multifunctional strain of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai F-180, which are carried out over a number of years in the Medical Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia at the department of Biochemistry, the use of the culture fluid of the saprophytic fungus and enzyme L-lysine-a-oxidase as an inhibitor of a number of highly dangerous human diseases and of highly dangerous plant diseases that have bacterial and viral origin.

The heavy metals circulating in the biosphere have a huge negative impact on ecosystem components. At the same time however, the real danger from the environmental pollution by the heavy metals (HM) is constituted not by gross volume of metals, but by their mobile forms as the last practically define the accumulation of elements in biomass and influence the biological activity of soils. Meanwhile, the level study of this question is very weak. The influence of soil consolidation on HM mobility is almost not unknown. In this regard at wood sites with unequal anthropogenic loading we have conducted researches which have demonstrated the dependence of toxic heavy metals forms, diverse by durability of communication, on the consolidation of soil. In many respects the density of soil profile defines the formation of the soil modes - water-air, temperature, oxidation-reduction, biochemical, and often makes decisive impact on demonstration of the soil main ecological functions, conditions of growth, development and efficiency of plants, microorganisms activity and soil fauna.

The absolute weight of carcasses of Eland antelope calves from 6 months of age to adulthood increases in 3.78 times, muscle - in 4.01, fat tissue - 7.3, bone tissue - 2.79 and other tissues - 3.53. The relative mass of muscle tissue increases by 4.66%, adipose tissue - 0.95%, but the bone tissue reduces by 5.47% and other tissue - 0.13%. The absolute mass of the axial muscle department of adult bulls increases compared with 6-month-old calves by 4.51 times, while the relative mass increases by 5.53%; peripheral skeleton department - 3.61 times, but is reduced to 5.53%. With age, the relative weight of shoulder girdle muscles of calves increases by 2.01%, the vertebral column - 3.73%, the abdominal wall - 0.87%, the shoulder blade - 0.87%, but decreases in the chest wall - 0.21%, in the forearm - 0.60, in the pelvic girdle - 0.57, in the hip - 3.82 and in the shin - 1.36%.

The possibility of use of phytomedicine in conjunction with hyperimmune serum of animal donors to enhance the preventive effectiveness at mixed respiratory infections in calves was studied. In a farm in Nizhny Novgorod region with unfavorable in terms of mixed respiratory infections of viral and bacterial etiology a high level of morbidity (80%) and mortality (26%) was revealed. Before use of medicines in clinically healthy calves aged 20-30 days mild immunodeficiency was found characterizing by decrease in relative T-cell content by 20.0%, functional activity of blood neutrophils in spontaneous and induced tests by 19.0%, lysozyme activity by 29.0% when compared with minimum value of the physiological norm for this age period. On the background of the immunological imbalance drastically decreases the effectiveness of traditional therapies. Use of Maxophyt in conjunction with hyperimmune serum of donor animals promoted statistically significant rise in initially reduced immunological parameters and intense specific immunity in clinically healthy calves: absolute and relative T- and B-cell content increased by 36.0%, 38.0% and 50.0%, 67.0% respectively, functional activity of blood neutrophils in spontaneous and induced tests by 18.0% and 32.0%, IgG and IgM levels by 46.0% and 53.0% respectively, lysozyme activity of blood serum by 60.0%. Subcutenous injection of hyperimmune serum of donor animals in conjunction with aerosol treatment with phytomedicine Maxophyt enhanced the preventive effectiveness at mixed respiratory infections of viral and bacterial etiology to 96.2% which was 21.2% higher when compared with the control and average daily body weight gain to 890.0 ± 22.8 g which was 26.0% higher when compared with the control. Combination of medicines provided the 100% safety of calves in experimental groups which was 8.3% higher when compared with the control. The course of disease in experimental calves was mild.